Franklin Delano Roosevelt s Accomplishments - 1215 Words

Franklin Delano Roosevelt is usually thought of as one of the United States’ most impactful presidents. Whether Roosevelt s accomplishments were truly great or his effectiveness was just a product of the time-period in which he served as President is still debated. However, one thing that no one can deny is that Roosevelt took a different route to becoming the leader of our nation. Whether he was coping with the death of a loved one or fighting an illness, Roosevelt never strayed from the path that he had to take. Most people remember him for his actions during the Great Depression and World War II, but those periods came after his many struggles through his obstacle filled life before his Presidency. President Roosevelt was born on†¦show more content†¦In April, Roosevelt contracted Scarlet Fever which forced him to leave his studies. Determined to finish his education he returned, and on June 25, 1900, Roosevelt graduated and received the Latin prize. In September, he started to attend Harvard University, where he would stay until 1903. while he was there, he met Eleanor, and was motivated to become president by his cousin Theodore. In 1904, Roosevelt graduated and immediately enrolled at the Columbia University School of Law, and passed the bar three years later, and he became a junior clerk at a law firm in New York City. Their second son, Franklin Delano, Jr., was born only two years later. However, he died the following year which was another significant setback in Roosevelt’s life. On November 8, Roosevelt was nominated for State Senator of New York’s 26th District. Roosevelt was elected to the New York State Senate in 1910. FDR continued furthering his career, even when his family was going through a hectic part of their life. In July of 1912, FDR organized The Empire State Democracy. In August, Roosevelt contracted typhoid fever again. Despite his illness, he was re-elected to the state senate. Without campaigning he managed to return to the senate for another term. In March 1913, Roosevelt was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy, one month later he made a speech that stressed the need for a larger navy,

Fairness And Control Of Ceo Pay - 1781 Words

LITERATURE REVIEW Introduction The first challenge addressed by this dissertation is ‘fairness’, which necessarily involves relativity. Shareholders may consider fairness in terms of company value added but employees may look at pay distribution. CEO’s may compare their compensation with other CEO’s and given recent increases in CEO pay, also over time. The second challenge is to understand the role that control may have in a fair pay system, what mechanisms are available and how likely they are to be effective. A substantial amount of literature was researched, and that chosen for inclusion in this review provides a broad range of views and information relating to these challenges. The themes of this review will therefore be fairness and control of CEO pay. Fairness Ground-breaking research (Hill, A., Mellon, L., Laker, B. and Goddard J., 2016) was conducted on the relationship between head teacher pay and performance in UK state schools and is relevant as its findings are applicable to CEO in general. British schools offer an excellent benchmarking opportunity as they generate standardised information in the same industry and country, therefore avoiding traditional benchmarking challenges. The study identified two particularly interesting styles of heads. ‘Surgeons’ act decisively, improving schools by removing poorly performing staff and students, ‘architects’ are slow-moving, meticulous planners who do things in sequence. In their first year, ‘surgeons’ targetShow MoreRelatedThe Integrative Model Of Human Resource1604 Words   |  7 PagesThe integrative model of human resource SHRM includes elements of both the control-based and the resource-based SHRM. Desired outcome dictates the elements that will b e employed. 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It plays an important role in Corporate Governance. After reading some news about shareholders and

Stefan’s Diaries The Craving Chapter 17 Free Essays

The reception was held in a different grand hall. My brother, Lydia, Bridget, and I formed a receiving line by the entrance to thank and greet our guests. Damon put it on a bit, bowing and pretending to know people he didn’t. We will write a custom essay sample on Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 17 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Compelling them into thinking he was an old friend, no doubt. While Bridget showed off her ring, Lydia gave everyone warm kisses or handshakes or smiles, whatever their relationship dictated. She even laughed when Bram tried to snatch a â€Å"farewell† kiss. Bridget stood by her side, beaming with what looked like genuine joy. â€Å"Thank you for coming today,† I said time and time again, the words tasting like chalk on my tongue. â€Å"We’re so glad you could come celebrate with us. My thanks for being here today. Pleased to meet you, thank you so much for being here.† â€Å"Stefan Salvatore?† demanded a matron in an almost unmoving thick gray silk dress and pearls, holding on to my hand for longer than was strictly necessary. She pronounced the e at the end of my last name and fixed me with an eye as stony as her skirts. â€Å"Yes, ma’am,† I said, giving her as warm a smile as I could. â€Å"Of the Florentine Salvatores? Prince Alessandro?† â€Å"I’m not rightly sure, ma’am,† I answered, trying to keep my smile. â€Å"When my father came to this country he declared himself an American. He didn’t keep up with our old relations.† Her eyes widened and her grip on my hand became loose. â€Å"An immigrant. How charming.† She didn’t smile and pulled her hand out of my grasp, moving on. Several hundred people later we finally got to sit down. The bride and groom’s table was festooned with palm fronds and garlands of huge flowers, and was covered with every expensive delicacy you could want to eat – or show off that you could afford. There was a seafood appetizer of oysters and other delicacies including Scottish smoked salmon and Russian caviar. Then came a main course that consisted of an absolutely staggering number of dead animals: roast beef, quail, venison, pheasant, woodcock, duck, lamb, roast pork, hot and cold, braised and grilled, minced and sauteed, sliced and in pies. It was all crowned off by a wedding cake, five tiers of the finest fruitcake covered in fondant and decorated with scrolls, swoops, columns, and sugar birds. The black-jacketed waiters poured glass after glass of champagne, and everyone chatted gaily. But my muscles were tied in knots. The â€Å"wedding† was officially over. Damon and I were legally married into the Sutherland family. It was only a matter of time before he began the next phase of his plan – whatever that ended up being. â€Å"Darling, get me a glass of water, would you?† Lydia was asking my brother, touching him tenderly on the cheek. â€Å"In some ceremonies, it’s the lady’s place to love, honor, and obey. Shouldn’t you be getting one for me, little wife?† he smiled, but in a way I didn’t like. â€Å"Of course! Anything for you, dear,† Lydia said. â€Å"Water, wine†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Blood?† Damon prompted. Lydia laughed. â€Å"If you wish, it’s my command.† Bridget didn’t eat any of the expensive repast, leaping up from the table constantly to talk to her friends, holding out her hand and showing off her ring. I spent most of dinner nervously pushing very expensive food around a very expensive plate with a very expensive, very heavy silver fork, never taking my eyes off Damon. As dessert came out, Bram took pity on me and sat down in Bridget’s place for a moment. â€Å"Congrats, old chap,† he said, shaking my hand. â€Å"You and Damon snagged two of the best New York has to offer.† I nodded miserably. â€Å"Mr. and Mrs. Sutherland are just terrific. And Margaret†¦ well, she’s a spitfire, but I trust you’ll be able to win her over eventually.† My head snapped up. â€Å"Have you noticed anything, er, odd about Margaret?† Bram had known the Sutherlands since he was born. Perhaps he had some insight into what made Margaret able to withstand Damon’s charms. Bram scratched his floppy black curls. â€Å"Odd?† â€Å"Yes, she’s different from the others. Stronger,† I said leadingly. Bram let out a rueful laugh. â€Å"That’s for sure. One time when we were younger, I stole her favorite doll to use it as a nurse in a war game with my brother. I swear, the look she gave me! She didn’t even have to touch me to send a painful shock through my entire body. Needless to say, I never played with her toys again.† â€Å"She was able to hurt you without touching you?† I pressed, trying to put the pieces together. But just then, Winfield tapped me on the shoulder and nodded toward a back room. Damon came with us, a mock-serious look on his face. As we quietly filed past the guests and down a side corridor, I strained to look out the windows. Through trees and towers I could see the mighty Hudson and the Palisades, a golden sun shining down on the sparkling river, the green forests, boats and barges parading slowly up and down the water. I almost did feel like a king surveying his countryside, since marrying into this family set me into the top of New York’s highest society. We entered a dark-paneled smoking room, and Winfield immediately set about pouring some ruby-red sherry. Damon pulled out a silver flask and right there in front of Winfield spiked his drink with blood. Human blood. â€Å"To marriage eternal,† Damon said, raising his glass. Winfield agreed energetically. â€Å"To marriage.† I just nodded and tossed back the drink, hoping the cool liquid would sate my thirst. â€Å"There’s a serious matter I need to talk to you lads about.† Winfield settled his frame into a large desk chair. Damon leaned forward expectantly. I tensed in my seat, ready for whatever would come next. â€Å"The matter of a dowry.† I squeezed my hands together. Damon grinned, exposing his gleaming canines. He threw himself on to a velvet couch. â€Å"Just what I was going to ask you about, Father. You don’t mind me calling you that, do you?† â€Å"Not at all, my boy,† Winfield said, offering Damon a cigar. My brother took it, carefully trimming and lighting the end in a matter so professional I wondered where he picked up the habit. The two sat puffing for a moment, releasing large clouds of smoke into the tiny room. I coughed. Damon, enjoying my discomfort, took the effort to blow a smoke ring my way. â€Å"Now here’s the thing. I want you two boys to be able to stand on your own two feet. My girls deserve real men, and if anything should happen to me, I want to make sure they’re taken care of.† â€Å"Of course,† Damon said, out the corner of his mouth, around the cigar. â€Å"I have several mines in Virginia; one is gold. They could use some managing. And then there are the railway shares I’ve bought into†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My brother widened his eyes. I looked away, unable to bear watching him compel this poor man. â€Å"I would prefer cash,† he said. â€Å"All right, that seems reasonable,† Winfield said without pause or even blinking. â€Å"An annuity, then? A living salary?† â€Å"Up front. All of it,† Damon said pleasantly. â€Å"One twentieth of my estate, capital, and holdings, then?† Winfield asked politely. â€Å"More like a quarter.† An automaton, Winfield mindlessly agreed to everything Damon suggested. But I couldn’t figure it out – would this keep Winfield safe? Would Damon just keep him around, ordering whatever he pleased out of him? â€Å"I’m glad you’re so concerned about taking care of my girls in the manner to which they have been accustomed,† Winfield said, but his voice sounded hollow, as if somewhere some tiny part of his mind knew something was terribly wrong. The poor man drew out some checks and a pen. In a moment it was done, and Winfield presented me with a check with so many zeroes on it, it was barely readable. Damon bared his teeth in something that was less a grin than a rictus of victory. He stood up, holding his glass of blood-laced sherry next to me. The smell was intoxicating. It took every ounce of my strength not to leap up and drain the cup. And then Winfield said the most amazing, banal thing in the world. â€Å"Those checks will take a while to clear,† he apologized, unaware of how those eight words might have just saved his life. Damon glowered, thunderheads in his eyes. It was a look of angry frustration that was famous in Mystic Falls, and something no one wanted to be responsible for causing. It was a dangerous thing to disappoint my brother. He crumpled the check in his hands. â€Å"You didn’t mention that before,† he growled, waving the sherry under my nose. I stiffened, my thirst making my fangs burn. â€Å"I’m going to have to sell a great deal of my estate, capital, and holdings to get the cash to back this,† Winfield answered so plaintively it made me sick. â€Å"So do it!† Damon ordered. But I was no longer paying attention. I had to get out of the room. My Power reacted to my hunger – to my anger – and I felt the beginnings of a change. â€Å"I have to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I didn’t even bother making up an excuse. I pushed my way out of the room, past my evil brother and our sad father-in-law, out of the castle, and into the black night where I belonged. How to cite Stefan’s Diaries: The Craving Chapter 17, Essay examples

Cell Structure and Functions

Question: Describe about the Cell structure and function? Answer: Definition: Lysosomes are tiny vesicles filled with hydrolytic enzymes (proteins which are catalyst for thousands of metabolic reactions that are required for life) which are required by cells to metabolize its nutrients and for removing dead cells from body by destroying them. They are the main site for digestion or breakdown of structures inside the cells [1]. Proteasome on the other hand works by the process of proteolysis (chemical reaction which cleaved peptide bonds) where its main function is to destroy damaged or unwanted proteins. Enzymes involved in process of proteolysis are known as proteases. Cells require proteasomes majorly to regulate and maintain concentration of properly folded proteins and remove those that are in excess or are misfolded [2]. Location: Lysosomes are membrane bound cell organelle found mostly in all animal cells except red blood cells but are rarely found in plant cells, whereas proteasomes are present in all eukaryotes (inside nucleus and in cytoplasm), archaea and in some bacteria as well [3, 4]. Comparison of Functions of lysosomes and proteasomes When food particle is taken up or absorbed by cells, lysosomes release enzymes in order to break those molecules (sugar or protein) into usable form of energy for cells to survive. Lysosomes carry the process of digestion/breakdown of macromolecules like carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins and lipids as they have acidic pH [3], whereas proteasomes only remove misfolded/abnormal proteins formed in cells [4]. Secondly lysosomes repair the membrane of cells, on the other hand, proteasome are responsible for differentiation of cells (work by degrading metabolic enzymes and transcription factors) and also for cell cycle regulation and cellular differentiation. Preotasomes are also helpful for cells to respond to stress, where the ubiquitin conjugated regulatory proteins are degraded. Whenever any pathogen enters human body, macrophages engulfs the pathogen and the vesicle containing pathogen is pinched off the macrophage, further this vesicle fuses with the lysosomal membrane and lysos omes respond to foreign pathogens like viruses, bacteria and some antigens which enter in cells, by digesting them using digestive/hydrolytic enzymes but proteasomes play essential role in immune system as they generate antigenic peptides which are further presented by the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC I) molecules to T cells and these T cells then clear off the pathogen and activate B cell to develop memory against those pathogens and thus the antigens are then cleared from the body [3,4]. Comparison of protein components of Lysosomes and Proteasomes Lysosomes are made up of proteins which are basically enzymes present on the lysosomal membrane consisting of lipids. Integral membrane proteins which are specific to lysosomes are called as Lysosome Associated Membrane glycoproteins (LAMPs) for which no such clear function is found. Considering their structure, these proteins have two internal lysosome-luminal domains that are homologous and are separated by hinge region that is rich in proline content. The proteins have transmembrane region at their C-terminal extremity which is followed by a short cytoplasmic tail [5]. As compared to lysosomes which have enzyme (protein) and an outer membrane, proteasomes subcomponents are denoted by their Svedberg sedimentation coefficient (S). In mammals, most exclusively used proteasome is 26S proteasome (~2000 kDa) which has single 20S subunit and two 19S subunits, acting as regulatory caps. The core of this proteasome is hollow which acts as an enclosed cavity where proteins are degraded. 19S subunits at each end of the core particle has many Ubiquitin binding and ATPase active sites. This portion identifies polyubiquitinylated proteins and sends them to catalytic core. An 11S particle can link with core particle in a similar way as of 19S and contribute in clearance of any foreign peptides. Image courtesy :- McNaught, K. S. P., Olanow, C. W., Halliwell, B., Isacson, O., Jenner, P. (2001). Failure of the ubiquitinproteasome system in Parkinson's disease.Nature Reviews Neuroscience,2(8), 589-594. In eukaryotes, 19S has 19 different proteins which are divided in two sub-assemblies, a 10-subunit lid and a 9-subunit base (of which 6 are ATPase subunits) which directly binds to 20S core particle at the -ring. This attachment of 19S and 20S units needs binding of ATP to ATPase subunit of 19S. In order to degrade ubiquitinylated and folded proteins using assembled complex, ATP hydrolysis is required in only one step and rest steps can work by just presence of bound ATP [6]. Thus we can conclude by saying that lysosomes are, protein (enzyme) containing vesicles which degrade pathogens or food particle to get rid of infection or release energy respectively and proteasomes on the other hand are responsible for removing improperly folded or ubiquitinylated proteins formed in our body failing which the bodys regular functions may be altered in a negative manner. References: 1. Aronson, N. N., de Duve, C. (1968). Digestive activity of lysosomes II. The digestion of macromolecular carbohydrates by extracts of rat liver lysosomes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 243(17), 4564-4573. 2. Ding, W. X., Yin, X. M. (2008). Sorting, recognition and activation of the misfolded protein degradation pathways through macroautophagy and the proteasome. Autophagy, 4(2), 141-150. 3.https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/cell-structure-4/the-endomembrane-system-and-proteins-61/lysosomes-321-11457/ 4. Peters, J. M., Franke, W. W., Kleinschmidt, J. A. (1994). Distinct 19 S and 20 S subcomplexes of the 26 S proteasome and their distribution in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269(10), 7709-7718. 5. https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR002000 6. Wang, J., Maldonado, M. A. (2006). The ubiquitin-proteasome system and its role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Cell Mol Immunol, 3(4), 255-261.

What Does It Mean to Educate the Whole Child an Example by

What Does It Mean to Educate the Whole Child? A society that exercise democracy should have schools that provides more to studentsschools that teaches not only the basic skills or plainly academics but also teaching things that a child should learn in order to become a good citizen of that society. In the case of public schools in the United States today, they are under pressure. They have to show that every student is provided with thorough and efficient education through their test scores. As stated by No Child Left Behind (NCLB), they also consider it as one of their goals. Aside from that, they also want to educate many of the inner city and minority children. However, there are a lot of criticisms about NCLB as an institution. Need essay sample on "What Does It Mean to Educate the Whole Child?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Critics say that it has an unattainable goal; undesirable methods of motivating its students; overdependence on standardized examinations; demoralizing effects; and influences of corruption on the administration, teachers, and students. Moreover, NCLB is having problems on addressing Educational Leadership. They still have to consider the aims of education, know how to serve the society, and most importantly know how to educate the whole child. College Students Frequently Tell EssayLab support: I'm don't want to write my paper online. I want to spend time with my friends Essay writers propose: Entrust Your Essay Paper To Us And Get A+ The aims of education are not standard or universal. It changes in every society through time. However, it should be clear that education should provide not only proficiency in mathematics and reading but also provides the knowledge in other aspects that a whole child should learn. Though, this idea is being argued by some people. They believe that there should be other institutions held responsible for these non-academic aspects. These people, according to Noddings, are not considering the history of education. If we will trace it, we would be able to know that public schools were established for academic instruction as well as for moral and social reasons. Another thing is that education thinkers came about with multiple aims of education. The author of this article suggested happiness to be another aim in educating the whole child. Prior to this, great thinkers have associated this proposed aim to effective social relationships basically or starting with the family. One purpose of this aim is to make classrooms as happy places for the children. Reviewing the aims of education guides the people concerned on instructional decisions. It also makes them open minded and reminds them the importance of having a curriculum, objectives in learning, appropriate methods of teaching, etc. More importantly, it also emphasizes that students are also whole persons. Thus, the total development of the children must be a great concern for schools. They need holistic treatment as demanded by massive human problems of the society. In a democratic society, schools are established not only to serve individuals but also the larger society. Thus, graduate students should not only possess academic intelligence but also a sound character. This could be made possible by having additional activities like art exhibits, sports fest, plays, or simply relating the basic academic lessons to real life situations. This is learning conceptually and practically at the same time. This article tackles significant points on what schools should consider in order to educate their students properly. This would help the principal of the curriculum leadership to think of new possible ways on educating the whole child considering other knowledge that would develop the children as a whole person. They would be able to see the importance of learning or the large role of schools in the lives of its students. We all know that once a child becomes a student, he or she will be spending more time in school than his or her home. After learning from their parents, the next group of people to be responsible for the childs development is the school institution. They are the ones who will continue to build the character of the child. It is good that this article was able to mention some of the things that a child should also learn in school and thus, should be a part of their curriculum. However, if all the points in the article will be analyzed, there are some statements or information from the past that should not be compared with the present situation of public schools. It contradicts with the early statements of the article saying that aims of education are not universal. It changes through time as ideals of a particular society also changes so we cannot compare the past situations to the present. However, if the article will be examined generally, it could serve as a wake-up call to academic institutions in properly educating their students because these children will be the next citizens or even leaders of the next generation. The things that the children have learned in school will be the things that they will use in his or her future. BIBLIOGRAPHY Nel Noddings, What does it mean to Educate the Whole Child?, Educational Leadership, Volume 63, Issue No.1. (2005): 1-5.

Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Essays

Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Essays Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Paper Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Paper Speech Analysis of Richard Nixon’s First Inaugural Address 1: The communication was a speech delivered at the White House for Nixon’s presidential inauguration. 2: January 20th, 1969. 3: Richard Nixon, President of the United States 4: The audience was the American people and other nations that had a relationship with the United States. 5: â€Å"The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. This honor now beckons Americathe chance to help lead the world at last out of the valley of turmoil, and onto that high ground of peace that man has dreamed of since the dawn of civilization. If we succeed, generations to come will say of us now living that we mastered our moment, that we helped make the world safe for mankind. This is our summons to greatness. I believe the American people are ready to answer this call. † Nixon’s inaugural speech highlighted ending the Vietnam war and closing the Cold War in order to make the world a more secure place. This speech opened Nixon’s presidency as well as opened his foreign policy and goals for his administration. : The importance of this speech is that it shows what Nixon’s ideals were for the nation, that he focused on lofty goals that were clearly influenced by Cold War era thinking and the Vietnam war. The speech also portrays Nixon’s skills as a politician and someone who was aware of the nation’s concerns and knew how to settle those concerns. It also followed the tradition of inaugural speeches of promising a lot of things and being inspiring and hopeful. : It was written to ope n Nixon’s presidency, and to set the tone for his tenure as well as the direction the United States would take in regards to foreign relations. 8: A lot of the United States’ concerns were involved in Vietnam and ending the unpopular war. And it was a popular belief that government was playing too big of a role in people’s lives, which he addresses when he points out that government has spent more money and run more programs than ever before. He says that to improve the country every individual needs to be involved instead of just government bureaucracies. 9: In the entire speech Nixon hints that ending the Vietnam war would bring peace to the world and that national morale would improve, but how could ending one war in one country improve foreign relations so substantially? Did he really think that ending the war in Vietnam would make the world noticeably more peaceful, or did he mean just the United States and Vietnam?

International human resource management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International human resource management - Essay Example The questions about how people are managed , are the substance of "human resource management" and key to organizational success. Management theorists have long argued that there is a 'right' way of managing people that can be implemented by management consultants throughout the world. The development of HRM theories in the US tended to reply on the examples of a small number of large private sector firms was based on a culturally typical US typical US independent , individualistic ,suffered from a poorly thought out approach to rigorous theory, failed to link theory to general practise and relied heavily on selected aspects of what was thought to be "Japanese" practice. Because of the hedgemony of the USA in management thinking ,their visions of HRM have tended to be the touchstone for HRM in other countries. However ,the US theories with their implications of virtually autonomous organizations , sit uncomfortably with the European reality. So,is the American vision of HRM a universal one that will apply anywhere in the world or is it a US-bounded one Organisational behaviour is influenced by social processes beyond the organisation's boundaries. Thus firms are located in settings not only of legislation but also of culture and social norms to which they have to react. Culture provides meaning and purpose , rules and norms. Each nation constitutes a unique institutional setting that skews firm behaviour in particular ways. American notions of HRM may have limited relevance to nations which do not possess identical or similar cultures. And there are clear differences , in Europe , HRM is less dependent , companies have less autonomy and freedom of action , trade unionism is more important , the social partners have more influence ,legal regulations are more important and there is a stronger tradition of employee involvement.Are European firms moving towards a North American HRM approach to managing their personnel Or is it that owing to the ongoing economic and political integration of European Union countries , a convergence towards a distinctly European practise is underway For this, w e have the convergence and divergence arguments. There are two distinct versions of the convergence thesis , the free market US model and the institutional European model. There is an underlying similarity to these theses. They all view firms' latitude in regard to selecting and developing personnel management strategies as being shaped , governed and given impetus by a mix of factors which may be broadly defined as either technological ,economic or institutional. The Market Force or US Convergence Model: This theory argues that the differences in management systems

Learning Points Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning Points - Assignment Example This collectively places the medical practitioner in the best position to note the possible kinds of infections, there causes, and how best to handle it or them. The main purpose for a diagnosis- according to Neal-Boylan (2011) the primary intention for effective diagnosis and treatment of any illness inclusive of the cardio-infections is to decrease the risk factors, which play a part in the progression of the cardiovascular disease as well as heart failure. For this case, the diagnosis is important because it helps the medical professionals and the patients reduce the fear for the reoccurrence of angina, control of diabetes, reduction of blood pressure, and engagement in physical activities among them weight loss. Need for conservation treatment- as per the document by Deming & Riddick-Grisham (2011), conservation treatment is one among the best strategies of disease infection. It includes undertaking all the precautionary medical measures on the verge to ensure a comprehensive treatment of an infection, for this case, angina. Some of the pivotal schemes of conservation treatment for this case include checking of blood sugar four times a day, taking all the medications as prescribed by specialists, and seeking for immediate medical attention in case any reactions occur. Other additional conservation treatment for this case are keeping records of blood sugar, body weight, and blood pressure and presenting them to the concerned practitioners in the consecutive visits of the medical facility. With reference to Bailey & Trybulski (2012), there are a number of prominent features of patient education for clinical case including what they need to avoid and what they ought to embrace in attempts to speed up the healing or treatment process. Some of the main features of patient education for this case include: Embrace the appropriate eating habits, that is as per the

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY - Essay Example This is a significant environmental issue that has raised debate across the country and the increasing use of technology by the developed nations is one of the major threats that prompted the signing of the Montreal protocol. The agreement also sought to tighten the ban on trading some substances like methyl due to its great contribution to the ozone depletion with dire climatic consequences on Earth. b. Implementation schedule. Since 1987 when this protocol was observed after the Vienna convention, there has been a series of meetings among the parties and there is as steady implementation and amendment of some of the policies. The initial meeting was meant to address the mode of mitigating the emission of ozone depletion substances with particular focus to the chlorofluorocarbon compounds (Reitze, 2001). Further meetings have been occasioned by assessment of the implementation process with the last meeting of the open-ended working group emphasizes the strict adherence to the protoc ol rules and regulations which is now backed up by licensing of various manufacturers and their nations on the limit of the producing the specified ozone depletion process (United Nations Environment Programme,2006). Implementation schedule was spread over years that spans from the protocol’s inception to 2013. c. Number of participants and the reasons for the level of participation. The Protocol currently has 197 parties who are assigned various legal obligations to undertake. The members participation is determined by the economic status since this highly gives the estimated volume of industrial production which in turn explains the production of ODS (Reitze, 2001). The developed member states have been found to be the major polluters as compared to the less developed countries and this explains why their participation is more of concern. The developing countries are most involved in promoting environmental care campaign in their respective nations. d. Compare the success o f the Montreal Protocol to that of the Kyoto Protocol and address the reasons for any differences in terms of National Interests of those that elected to participate and those that have not. The two protocols have a common denominator in the form of reducing the exponential rate of ozone layer depletion emissions. It is worth to note that US has been at the center stage as the global economic powerhouse in respect to the control of this climate menace issue. On the basis of cost benefit analysis US realized that it has more to lose from Kyoto protocol and therefore vehemently opposed it. On the other hand Montreal protocol was seen to be relatively friendly and proved to be acceptable by many countries. One of the issues that dogged Kyoto protocol was its monetary compensation mechanism which did not go down well with US and other nations. The conflicting interests of various participants arose from the cost/benefit analysis of the monetary consideration of Kyoto protocol against th e licensing of Montreal protocol (Oberthu?r & Ott, 1999). On aggregate many participants promoted adoption of Montreal protocol as being effective and economical to implement. 2. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS): a. Discuss the issue of â€Å"Property Rights† as it relates to UNCOLS The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) provides a legal framework that empowers various countries bordering sees and oceans on how to manage them (Sands, 2003). It is important to

The Complexity Of Culture Cultural Studies Essay

The Complexity Of Culture Cultural Studies Essay So why is culture so complex? According to the popular writer Raymond Williams, culture is one of the most complicated words in the English language. The study of culture is far too complex to be studied only from the viewpoint of one specific scientific discipline, or to be based on one specific model. In a world as complex as ours, each of us is shaped by many factors, and culture is one of the powerful forces that acts on us. Culture is not a set of objects and behaviors, but a context, specific to a particular time and place, in which meaning is made (Geertz 1973) (Schall). Cultural contexts include important patterns, attitudes, and values such as language use and communication patterns, religious beliefs and rituals, the tools and artifacts of daily life, familiar relationships, gender roles, and many other characteristics. Because of the complex, multifaceted nature of culture, understanding a specific group, whether ones own or that of others, requires study from several dive rse perspectives. Although each perspective will shed light on the systems of meaning within that group, the different perspectives will not necessarily fit together into a neat, unified cultural portrait (Rosaldo 1989) (Schall). In order for a researcher to make sense of the complexity of cultural concepts, relevant prior knowledge and a comprehensive understanding of cultural variation is a prerequisite to effectively comprehending cross-cultural studies. According to Joe Novak, the creator of concept mapping, when concept maps are used, the material to be learned must be conceptually clear and presented with language and examples relatable to the learners prior knowledge. Concept maps can be helpful to meet this condition, both by identifying large general concepts held by the learner prior to instruction on more specific concepts, and by assisting in the sequencing of learning tasks though progressively more explicit knowledge that can be anchored into developing conceptual frameworks (Novak). In the following sections I offer up a series of approaches designed to aid a researcher in unraveling the complex nature of cultural variation and ways of simplifying cultural understanding. Gaining sufficient knowledge and understanding of culture can become a complex task in itself making it necessary for one to develop specific strategies and approaches to the problem. Any approach should encompass key terms, essential cultural concepts and principles, as well as multifaceted foundational theories. This should provide the knowledge necessary to understand and simplify complex models and studies designed for the purpose of illustrating culture differences across an array of situations. So where should one begin in developing their cross-cultural knowledge? Establishing a glossary of terms that define some of the significant concepts in one or more topics that lend themselves to research investigation using cross-cultural data is necessary. For the purpose of cross-cultural communication, cultural literacy should begin with the basic terms such as culture and communication. Culture can be defined as, a system of symbolic resources shared by a group of people. In every cross-cultural situation, groups of people with different systems of symbolic resources come in to contact by communicating with one another. Communication can be defined as, the practice of creating and exchanging meanings or symbolic resources. It is clear that culture and communication are interrelated, therefore, cross-cultural communication can be defined as a process of interaction between two groups of people with different systems of symbolic resources. ( Klyukanov) Understanding these terms wi ll enable one to see how and why people identify with each other and form cultures through the process of cultural identification. Cultural identification simply allows us to define our own cultural selves. Before embarking upon the quest for understanding of other cultures, it is necessary to break down and understand ones own culture. Anthropologists Kevin Avruch and Peter Black explain the importance of culture this way: Ones own culture provides the lens through which we view the world; the logic by which we order it; the grammar by which it makes sense. Everyone has a culture. No one can ever fully separate themselves from their own culture. While it is true that anyone can grow to understand and value a range of different cultures and communicate effectively in more than one, one can never overcome his own, or any other culture, to achieve an all encompassing perspective on culture. As was mentioned previously, it is necessary and important for one to gain knowledge in the study of cross-cultural communication. The nature of knowledge is very complex; however the complexity of the cross-cultural world can be exposed by combining two complimentary approaches: the objective (scientific) approach and the subjective approach. In the objective approach, knowledge is viewed as an object, the world consists of concrete variables and people behave in patterned and predictable ways. From an objective standpoint, all observers of a culture would see the same thing, knowledge is external to all people and the watchful observer captures this knowledge and characterizes it in meaningful fashion. The subjective approach represents the other side of the knowledge gaining process. This approach aims to interpret and understand interactions and cultural meanings that are internal to people. The combined implementation of these approaches highlights the methodical, relational, an d opposing nature of cross-cultural communication which includes an array of cross-cultural knowledge. Edward T. Hall, a respected anthropologist and cross-cultural researcher, identified Ten Primary Message Systems which he classified as Interaction, Association, Subsistence, Bisexuality, Territoriality, Temporality, Learning, Play, Defense, and Exploitation. From his ten primary message systems, Hall devised an interrelated Map of Culture. Halls map makes it easier for researchers to pinpoint complexities in understanding target cultures. The process of constructing a system of meanings known as cultural mapping explains how every culture develops ideas about the world and its place in it. The main types of meanings which form a culture map include: beliefs, attitudes, values, norms, mores, laws, and world view. It is important to understand that all of these ideas are interconnected. Culture maps provide structure and give rationality to universal knowledge established about people and the social world, providing expectations about typical patterns of behavior and the range of like ly variation between types of people and their characteristic actions and attributes. Understanding and applying these concepts can aid researchers in breaking down the complexities of cross-cultural variation. Another set of means that are typically presented are global cultural dimensions. These variables are very wide in scope, are related to all cultures, and can be used for the purpose of assessing cultures. Global cultural dimensions vary from researcher to researcher, this section attempts to identify and provide the most commonly discussed dimensions which include: Individualism/Collectivism, Power Distance, Masculinity/Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, and High-Context/Low Context Communication. Researching several ethnographies and studying the approaches presented by anthropologists, philosophers, and writers whose work has laid the foundations for the field of cultural studies will provide further depth and understanding. Below are a few examples of theà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. According to Hans Gullestrup the complexity of cross-cultural studies, as well as cultural studies, are especially related to the following observations or facts: 1. The relativity of each culture the cultural hierarchy 2. The co-incidence of the cultures the cultural categories 3. The changeability of each culture the cultural dynamic 4. The ethical problems related to cross-cultural studies A researcher will base his or her work on different paradigms and a differing understanding of culture depending on the situation and the purpose (Hans Gullestrup). For these reasons, Gullestrup argues that theoretical and analytical models are needed for cultural and cross-cultural studies formulated as frame models, or as a kind of framework, where each researcher or cultural actor can relate to one other with his own data, observations, and experiences when trying to create an understanding of a particular cross-cultural situation, according to his or her needs, as well as to the four factors mentioned above. As mentioned previously, anthropologist Edward T. Hall When we approach another culture, a tendency exists to generalize, placing experiences in wide-ranging categories or types. The best we can do is to make sure generalizations are as accurate as possible and avoid overgeneralizations, especially those beginning with All. When attempting to describe a certain culture, we must be careful and ensure that the culture we classify is the one that was observed. If we come across another culture and fail to notice obvious differences then the all we have done is stereotyped and our interaction with that culture has become extremely unreliable. To avoid stereotyping, it is necessary to test generalizations against the actual behavior and values of those being encountered in the observed culture. Cross-cultural communication is successful when our observations and reflections of people from other cultures are accurate. Two useful approaches for counteracting mistakes of oversimplification and generalization of a culture are Culture-General and Culture-Specific approaches. Concentrating on cultures broad characteristics, is macro and global in scope and defined as Culture-General. With over 200 national societies throughout the globe, over 5,000 languages, and endless subgroups interrelated by ethnicity, race, religion, common history, politics, and culture, it becomes virtually unfeasible to thoroughly sort out the full range of cultural practices found in each society. Culture-General ideas and frameworks are useful and provide researchers tools necessary to understand principles, categories of behavior and world views, ideas and values, how to learn another culture, and how to successfully and effectively navigate cultural boundaries. Culture-general approaches to interaction describe general contrasts that are applicable in many cross-cultural situations. For example, Edward T. Halls classificat ion of high-context low and low-context cultures is a culture-general comparison that implies a source of miscommunication between many diverse societies. This approach is based on more conceptual categories and generalizable skills, and represents the etic form of cultural knowledge. Etic knowledge is essential for cross-cultural comparison because such comparison essentially requires standard units and categories (Lett). General cultural characterizations can be narrowed by using a Culture-Specific approach, based on ethnographies, is an intercultural form of emic cultural analysis. Emic knowledge is essential for an intuitive and empathic understanding of a culture (Lett). Culture- Specific refers to the distinctive qualities of a particular culture. It can also be a means of studying cross-cultural communication when the culture characteristics of a particular culture are examined and used to explore the broad, general characteristics of the structure of cultures. At the culture specific level, differences between two particular cultures are assessed for their likely impact on communication between people of those cultures. Cultural observers must always be ready to modify existing conceptualizations when new experiences do not fit into the original universal category. Simply, one-size fits all conceptualizations are not effective in cross-cultural communications. Clifford Geertz, in his book The Interpretation of Cultures, attempts to simply cultural variation by saying, The concept of culture I espouse, and whose utility the essays below attempt to demonstrate, is essentially a semiotic one. Believing, with Max Weber, that man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun, I take culture to be those webs, and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science in search of law but an interpretive one in search of meaning. It is explication I am after, construing social expressions on their surface enigmatical. But this pronouncement, a doctrine in a clause, demands itself some explication.

Malcolm X :: essays research papers

Malcolm's life is a Horatio Alger story with a twist. His is not a "rags to riches" tale, but a powerful narrative of self-transformation from petty hustler to internationally known political leader. Born in Omaha, Nebraska, the son of Louise and Earl Little, who was a Baptist preacher active in Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, Malcolm, along with his siblings, experienced dramatic confrontations with racism from childhood. Hooded Klansmen burned their home in Lansing, Michigan; Earl Little was killed under mysterious circumstances; welfare agencies split up the children and eventually committed Louise Little to a state mental institution; and Malcolm was forced to live in a detention home run by a racist white couple. By the eighth grade he left school, moved to Boston, Massachussetts, to live with his half-sister Ella, and discovered the underground world of African American hipsters. Malcolm's entry into the masculine culture of the zoot suit, the "conked" (straightened) hair, and the lindy hop coincided with the outbreak of World War II, rising black militancy (symbolized in part by A. Philip Randolph's threatened March on Washington for racial and economic justice), and outbreaks of race riots in Detroit, Michigan, and other cities (see Detroit Riot of 1943). Malcolm and his partners did not seem very "political" at the time, but they dodged the draft so as not to lose their lives over a "white man's war," and they avoided wage work whenever possible. His search for leisure and pleasure took him to Harlem, New York, where his primary source of income derived from petty hustling, drug dealing, pimping, gambling, and viciously exploiting women. In 1946 his luck ran out; he was arrested for burglary and sentenced to ten years in prison Malcolm's downward descent took a U-turn in prison when he began studying the teachings of the Lost-Found Nation of Islam (NOI), the black Muslim group founded by Wallace D. Fard and led by Elijah Muhammad (Elijah Poole). Submitting to the discipline and guidance of the NOI, he became a voracious reader of the Qu'ran (Koran) and the Bible. He also immersed himself in works of literature and history at the prison library. Behind prison walls he quickly emerged as a powerful orator and brilliant rhetorician. He led the famous prison debating team that beat the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, arguing against capital punishment by pointing out that English pickpockets often did their best work at public hangings!

Billy Prior-Character Study Essay

* Prior is introduced in chapter 5 and is portrayed as very defensive ‘he stares straight through you’ Pg 41. * Prior is a 22-year-old second lieutenant whose neurosis manifests itself, initially, through an inability to talk or remember the events, which have led to his breakdown. * His is of a working-class background but his mother has done her best to push her son up the social ladder, regardless whether this is best for him. * Billy’s mothers desire to better himself has resulted in a rebellious tendency to continually question authority which is shown in many of his dialogues with prior. * He is an inquisitive and intelligent man but because he ‘broke down’ he feels his courage failed him. * Prior has a flippant, cynical attitude and his discussions with rivers are frequently tinged with sarcasm both against rivers and his methods, and against the war in general * He describes his feelings at going into battle in sexual terms; his wartime nightmares and sexual dreams become confused and this brings on a sense of self-revulsion. This in turn, leads Prior further into depression. * Prior’s sexual frustrations are bound up with his war neurosis and his need to prove himself both as a soldier and a man. * Billy feels he has a duty to serve his country but on the other hand his ambitions preempt this duty as a reason to return to war. He clearly has a deep desire to return to the front and prove to himself that he is not a coward but this feeling is reserved a little by self-preservation * Prior hides his feelings and this is shown in his writing. He is at times is quite satirical â€Å"not tonight, Wilhelm. I’ve got a headache†? * On page 49 he shows a more aggressive side when he is very aggressive towards rivers * He develops a relationship with Sarah a ‘Geordie’ girl on pages 89+130 * Prior stood up Sarah in the book which she did not like but it was because he had got back late the previous night when on his last expedition with Sarah. * Billy begins to show his feelings on page 120 as he starts to open up a little more about his experiences. * â€Å"I wasn’t wearing the badge because I was with a girl† Pg.95 This shows how Prior is embarrassed about staying at Craiglockhart and shows his caring side. * â€Å"I find myself trying to impress you’ on page 64 this shows a more caring side to Billy Prior and more subtle side to him. This would also help the reader further empathise with prior. * On page 55 the reader gets to meet priors readers and it soon becomes clear that Billy does not get on well at all with his father â€Å"he seemed too have no feeling for his son except content†-â€Å"Must I? I’m not proud† This shows another side to prior and the lack of love he has felt whilst growing up. * By page 104 the hypnosis begins to work and gets to him and after a few meeting cry’s. Prior grabs Rivers by the arms and began butting him in the chest. Hard enough to hurt. This shows how Rivers touched a nerve in the hypnosis and bridges are finally being crossed. * On page 105 we get to find out about his war experiences. Prior is a complex and confused character, who is lost and desperately in need of help. It is only when he is finally prepared to admit this to himself that his road to recovery can begin.

Feasible Globalizations essays

Feasible Globalizations essays In the times we are living, there seems to be three main political, social and economic models that affect the idea of achieving a real global economy. These are nation-state systems, democratic political systems and a full economic integration. However, according to Mr. Rodrik the coexistence of these three models results impossible, or better said utopian. He argues that we could have at the most a combination of two of them, but never all three of them together for their coexistence would only create instability and a confrontation of interests. He solidly supports this argument analyzing past and current events that have taken place and expose the failure of promoting a fully integrated global economy. We will shortly summarize these examples and comment on them. Finally we will review the alternative proposed by Mr. Rodrik, the preservation of some limits on integration along with some ruling system that would orderly look for the achievement of an attainable integration, which we have considered to be somehow ambitious. One of the pillars of this papers argument exposes that markets need to be defined by a range of non-market institutions in contradiction to the mainstream idea that markets should be let to run freely with a minimum amount of intervention. Some functions that are to be performed by these institutions consist of creating, regulating, stabilizing and legitimating markets. Without theses institutions, he argues, markets would hardly strive, for they are not self-regulating, self-stabilizing or self-legitimating. They do a bad job, if any, at regulating anti-trust, providing transparent information, setting prudential limits or even raising awareness toward health, safety and the environment. However, people must understand that one model of an institutionalized economy is no better than the other as far as they all can assure market participants that they can retain the fruits of their investments. One exam...

Rock and roll music

Rock and roll music Rock and roll music Rock and roll music has changed the dominance of the European fine-art music though introduction of new fundamentals into the contemporary music arena. The introduction of new performance styles has essentially changed the previous legitimacy associated with performance. For example, majority of performers are perceived as being juveniles. This is because of their close association with social ills such as fornication and drug abuse. Rock and Roll music has led to the development of a new musical landscape with regard to events of the western civilization era. This has led to the a negative perception on civilization. Mainstreaming aspect of the American culture has also contributed significantly to the growth of rock and roll. This is especially on account of revolutionary aspects. Budds remarks, At the heart of the issue is the mainstreaming of attitudes and practices, musical and otherwise, that represent fundamental departures from those institutionalized by the power culture since the colonization of the United States (502). Rock and Roll represents the emergence of youth independence on account of development of new attributes like openness. This has led to significant of competition as a variable in the musical industry due to its profitability. Leaders in the recording industry condemned music from competitors as being culturally and socially irresponsible (Budds 503). Factors drawing the audience to Rock and Roll included spontaneity and the musical process. Language is another important element, for instance, the development. In Tin Pan Alley lyrics your are the angel glow that lights a star (Budds 504) I rock em, roll em all night long: Im a sixty-minute man (Budds 505) Finally, Rock and Roll music has a strong ethnic affiliation. Rock and Roll music has been used as a means of communication, preservation, and renewal of their cultural identity under poor social conditions (Budds 507).

Graphs, variables and methods of data collection Essay

Graphs, variables and methods of data collection - Essay Example They are divided into numerous pieces, which give clear comparison side by side (Freud 05). For clearer comparison, various graphs should be evenly spaced using the right scale and by observing accuracy when plotting the various points. This paper will examine four types of graphs including Line graphs, Bar Graphs, Pie Charts and Histograms, as presented in different news mediums. In the line graph that is examined, the variable used on the X-axis includes months and that on the Y-axis is revenue in million dollars. The data collection methods include questionnaires and sampling. This line graph shows that, despite the increase in market share, the income has not increased significantly. The other type of graph that is examined is Pie chart. The variables used here include occupancy in terms of revenue earned, which is shaded in green and un-occupied rooms represented by the un-shaded region. The data collection methods used includes sampling, questionnaires and surveys. The pie charts compare the occupancy rates between years 2007 to 2009 for Ritz-Carlton and All Marriott hotels. Further, the pie chart shows that Ritz-Carlton has more clients as shown by high occupancy rates compared as with All Marriott brands (Freud 25). Histogram is the third type of graph that is reviewed. The methods of data collection used include questionnaires, surveys, and sampling. The general conclusion is that the histogram compares the sale of light vehicles amongst General motor (GM), Ford, Chrysler, Toyota, Honda and other small manufactures of light vehicles. In addition, the graph shows that many light vehicles were sold by all the companies between 2006 and 2008 as compared to 2009 to 2010 (Jelen 25). The last graph that is examined is a bar graph. The variables used are fuel consumption in terms of liters, on the X-axis and percentage of sales made, on the Y-axis. Data collection methods include

Professor and Student in aGgun-Fight within the University Essay

Professor and Student in aGgun-Fight within the University - Essay Example The House of Representatives is just about to pass the bill, thus coming into a recognized policy. Hampikian sounds startled by the proposed law and in an amusing way, asks when he can shoot a student. Hampikian is interested in getting the bill approved though he is also considering the adverse effects that the policy is likely to have. Is it not a perplexing situation to see a lecturer pointing his/her gun to a student? And what happens when the student draws his gun in self-defense? Hampikian’s credibility is well established when he seeks legal instruction on what the rules of engagement in class will be once the students and professors start carrying guns to school. He invites dialog between the stakeholders both at the state level and the Boise University. According to him, it seems quite strange for a lecturer to carry a gun to his place of work since his responsibility is dealing with students only. He expresses this as a matter of practical concern. He is, however, accommodative of the change. He has no problems with the students carrying guns. He is currently acknowledging the fact that even right now, the students can still fight back using their pencils, when totally disgruntled, although he has no fears for the pencil since he always carries his pen as well. His credibility is further shown by the position he holds at the university. He is a professor of biology at the same university. This shows his credibility in that he appreciates the studen ts’ rights to defend themselves when necessary (Hampikian para 3). According to the author, permitting guns to campus will have an effect on the ethics and the organizational culture of the institution. Ethics refer to the norms followed in a particular organization. They define the conduct of conduct by all the players in the particular organization. Concerned with the ethics of the university and the Idaho State at large, Hampikian prompts the Legislators to consider the repercussions of  minor engagements that normally arise when students are carrying out their daily activities at the university, before making their final decision.

Team Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Team Development - Essay Example The study of group behavior and team development has evolved from various disciplines originating among social scientists to organizational management. Contemporary studies of group behavior recognized the need to understand the relationships between group members and different factors affecting their development as a participating and performing team. There are studies which support the concept that groups influence work behavior. According to Heathfield (2010), a team is defined as â€Å"any group of people organized to work together interdependently and cooperatively to meet the needs of their customers by accomplishing a purpose and goals† (par. 1). Groups have to be planned not only in their formation but more so in their development for them to be productive and efficient. Each team undergoes varies stages of development depending on their size and objectives. The extent of cohesiveness that a team develops influences the level of performance of a group. High performing teams are influenced by factors such as mission, roles, leadership, communication, decision-making, systems/procedures, climate, rewards, and competence. It is learning how these teams evolve from a basic structure composed of individuals to a complex, performing team that makes theoretical applications of group development worthwhile. Being considered at the number 1 retail discount store in the US today makes Walmart the employer every employee seeks to be a part of. The Jobs and Employment News (JEN) site presented a career development study at Walmart which avers that â€Å"while many other companies look at training as an occasional issue, Walmart considers training as part of their regular work environment† (JEN, 2010, par. 4). The various training programs lined up for Walmart associates are as follows: new associate orientation, cashier simulated training (CST), summer internship program, manager in training (MIT), fresh food academy of classes, engagement

Lonely Miss Brill the Eavesdropper Essay Example for Free

Lonely Miss Brill the Eavesdropper Essay Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield is about a middle-aged English teacher who secretly listens to other peoples conversation due to her loneliness. Every weekend Miss Brill goes out to the parade in a park and listens to other peoples conversation because she has nobody to talk to but her fur coat. She treasures her fur coat as if its her pet and has conversations with it. Towards the end of the story, she realizes that nobody likes her, therefore she goes home into her dark room and cries. Katherine Mansfield, uses imagery, characterization, and point-of-view uses these three literary elements to inform the meaning of the lonliness. The author uses imagery for the reader to better understand the story and to create the apperance of her loneliness. In the beginning of the story, the author states She had taken it out of its box that afternoon, shaken out the moth powderrubbed the life back into the dim little eyes. (Mansfield 1)Here, Miss Brill takes out her fur coat and starts to talk to it and pets it as if it is her pet. From this, the reader can can visually interpret that Miss Brill had no friends or family to talk to when she was lonley. Furthermore, towards the end of the story, a girl at the park says, Its exactly like a fried whiting.(Mansfield 4) The reader can visualize the story the author intended on how the little girl at the park makes fun of Miss Brill of her fur coat saying that it looks like fried fish. After hearing this, Miss Brill goes home and cries in her dark room. In addition, the author uses point-of-view for the reader to step into the main characters shoes. In the beginning of the story, when Miss Brill went to the park to watch the parade, the author states Wasnt the conductor wearing a new coat, too? She sure it was new. (Mansfield 1) From this quote, the reader can see that she went to the parade often, enough to know what the bandsmen wore each weekend to perform. Furthermore, the author states But to-day she passed the bakers by, climbed the stairs, went into the little dark room- her room like a cupboardShe sat there for a long time. (Mansfield 4) After coming back from the parade, getting made fun of, she goes to her room in a depressed mood and cries by herself. Lastly, from the begininng of the story, the reader can tell that Miss Brill had a unique personality. From talking and petting her fur coat, to eavesdropping, her character is a bit different from others. Her lonliness could have lead her to eavesdrop on people and have a fur coat as her friend. The author states, This was disappointing, for Miss Brill always looked foward to the conversation. (Mansfield 1), to show her lonliness. In this quote, the reader can see that Miss Brill liked to talk to people and even if she wasnt in the conversation, she would like to listen to them. Furthermore, he author states How she enjoyed it! How she loved sitting there, watching it all! It was like a play. (Mansfield 3) This quote is explaining how she enjoyed the parade as if it was a play. The reader can see that she entertained herself by going to the park every weekend to forget about her loneliness. The author successfully used these three literary elements for the readers to better understand the story, to create the appearance of her lonliness and visualize interpret what the author was intending to say. Authors using literary elements in their story is important because they can send what theyre trying to say to the readers easily with the literary elements. Furthermore, it is important to the readers because the readers can better understand the story and relate the story to the world. Reading this story, readers can understand people who too are lonely and step into their shoes to understand their feelings.

Development of the Korean film industry

Development of the Korean film industry CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION This dissertation consists of six chapters. The first chapter gives a detailed background of the Korean Film Industry, its origin and development and how it has led to the so-called ‘Korean wave or ‘Korean fever†. It also explains this term in order to give a better understanding of the title. The next chapter consists of literature review, which will form the basis of the findings and the conclusion. The third chapter is a case study, I which the top films of Korea will be discussed and compared with some top Chinese films. The fourth chapter will go on to explain the methodology that will be used in this dissertation to facilitate the findings and arrive at the conclusion. It will explain the methods used in the research and the research questions around which the dissertation revolves. The third and fourth chapters will form the crux of this dissertation. The next chapter provides the findings and analysis of the study based on mostly on the literature review and the research method used. This chapter will deal with the analysis and evaluation of the Korean film industry with respect to the Chinese market and provide the answers to the research questions posed in the previous chapter. The last chapter, that is chapter six, will provide a conclusion, that is, a result of the findings and will be followed by recommendations to ensure that the Korean film industry continues to grow. 1.1 Background A countrys film industry represents the culture, and lifestyles of the people living in that country. The Korean fever or Korea wave is normally regarded as the substantially enhanced popularity of South Korean culture all over the world. Besides, it is regarded as Hallyu (Hangul:; Hanja RR: Hallyu), from the Korean pronunciation. In this connection, this term was coined in China in the middle of 1999 by journalists in Beijing, China, surprised by the rapid increase in the popularity of contemporary South Korean culture as well as entertainment business in mainland China. The Korean film industry represents the film industries of North Korea and South Korea. While both these countries have relatively strong film industries, only the South Korean Industry has been able to achieve international acclaim and recognition. The North Korean film industry still revolves around topics like communism and revolutionary ideas. As is the case with all other industries and aspect of life in Korea, its film industry has also had to endure the heavy influence of political incidents. Be it the Joseon Dynasty or the Korean War, the governmental influence is evident in the Korean cinema. Since the beginning, the Korean film industry revolved around such scenarios as politics, wars, and even the activities of the government. A number of variables, such as the impact of the strategies undertaken by the most successful Hollywood film producers, the availability of a large budget, and the quality of the films produced in Korea, itself had a profound influence on the film industry of Korea. 1.2 Development of the Korean Film Industry The first movie theatre of Korea was established in 1903. Before the existence of this movie theatre, the European and American films kept the Korean film screens occupied. Not only this, but in the period 1926-1930, it was the Japanese who owned, and operated the Korean cinemas. It was during this time that a series of films were launched, that provided the beginning of quality films in China. Despite the fact that the film industry of Korea was at its peak in the 1950s, yet in the 1970s and 1980s with the countrys rapid economic growth, the Korean government was under pressure to liberalize is import policies and financial markets for all industries. The film industry had depended upon the quota system to gain screen time for its product and to make sure a certain amount of revenue. The production of the Hollywood blockbuster films, itself, was a continuous threat to the film industry of Korea, not only in terms of its decreasing market share, but also down to the question of its survival. The market share was witnessing a downward trend because the Korean films were produced with a low budget and low quality in the face of the blockbuster films produced by Hollywood. As a result, the market share had dropped to as low as 15% in the late 1980s. However, soon after that, the transformation of Korean film industry had started, and Korean cinema earned recognition as a commercial cinema outside the country after the success of the blockbusters, such as the film â€Å"Shiri†. The movie was produced in 1999, and captured an audience of approximately 5 million people, making it to the top of the South Korean films. The film was so successful that it broke the records for the all time favourite, â€Å"Titanic†, and welcomed the entry of the many film prod ucers who were keen to produce internationally repudiated films for Korea. In the process, the market share of the Korean films rose to 39.7%. A number of Korean films followed the league of â€Å"Shiri†, and the fact that the government had introduced a new legislation, allowing a two day weekend for the Koreans, gave rise to the success of the Korean cinemas. In the process, the film industry of Korea was reported to grow by approximately 18% each year, and according to a variety of sources, in a period of nine years only, the market share of the Korean films had grown from 15% to 45.2%. This was taken as a good omen by many of the most successful moviemakers of Hollywood who immediately stepped in the film industry of Korea, in order to obtain licenses so as to reproduce those Korean films that had been the most successful on the box office. In these connections, the relations between national cinema and history is refraction, fluid rather than reflection, and what is intriguing about contemporary Korean cinema is how the shared political history of the 1980s has become a commercial lure for the audience. Recently, the popularity of the Korean films, Korean music, and even Korean dramas has been increasing in Asia, with the Chinese being the major viewers of such Korean television programs. With such immense success and popularity of the Korean TV programs in countries such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, along with other parts of Asia, it is not unusual to find the influence of the Korean culture and traditions, as portrayed on the Korean screens, on the Asians. Due to this rapid spread of the Korean lifestyle, and culture in most of the Asian countries especially china, the Chinese used the word â€Å"Hallyu† to refer to the influence of Korean culture in other countries primarily through the media. This had been initiated by the broadcasting of â€Å"Daejanggeum†, a Korean drama, which made China the greatest victim of the Korean influence in 2005. Soon after, a number of articles on the new Korean wave began to be featured in journals, magazines, news papers, etc. It was even believed that the major reason for the Korean influence lies in the fact that the Korean government took advantage of the Korean screens to step out of the financial crisis, thus taking major steps to promote their film industry, and export their films. The fact that China and Korea share some similarities, not only in terms of their culture, but also down to civilizations and philosophies, explains such a deep impact of the Korean films on the Chinese. Today, both North Korea and South Korea have extremely flourished film industries. However, when it comes to global acclaim, it is undoubtedly film industry of South Korea which seems to capture the international market. The movies of North Korea focus more on rebellious, radical and insurgent themes. 1.2 Structure The aim of this research is to evaluate and analyze the relative success of the Korean film industry, and the influence of the Korean cultures in many of the Asian countries, especially China. The focus of this thesis is attempting to summarize and analyze whether and how this Korean wave is shaped in China mainland market and how it has impacted to Chinese audiences by critically commenting the latest top five Korean movies compared with the latest top five Chinese movies, reviewing the previous research findings and performing box-office performance analysis in the captured period. This will give information as to how the Korean film industry has impacted the population of China. It also aims to analyze the factors that have led to the Korean fever, and to what extent have the Chinese been influenced as the Korean traditions become prevalent in China, and other parts of Asia. The area of the research will mainly focus on the Korean film industry, as well as the film industry of China, since the top movies produced by both the countries will be compared. The area of the research will also include the other Asian countries, and the Korean cinema influence on their activities. The research objectives involve analyzing the performance of the Korean movies and the impact that they have had on Asian markets, in particular, China. The research methodology The data in this thesis is analyzed using a variety of sources. First of all, the box office performance is analyzed over the recent period, the data obtained from the Korean Film Council. The data captured from this source helped assess the market performance of the Korean films. The data is further broken down into sub-periods in order to evaluate the dynamics of the Korean films market performance. Finally, appropriate statistical techniques are used to assist our analysis. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Korean Wave The â€Å"Korean Wave† or hallyu ( í•Å"ë ¥Ëœ) refers to the time period of 1990s, when Korean culture was internationally visible, not only in East Asia but even countries like United States saw a rapid surge of Korean values. Television serials, pop music, feature films and other musical forms are all part of the wave phenomenon. As the Korean wave is associated with the spread of Korean culture, it is referred as both national and a trans-national phenomenon. A great number of researched have been conducted to evaluate why and how pop culture of Korea was famous in other countries. These two regarding the success of Korean wave are distinct but not so related to each other. When government use sales figures of other countries to measure the success of Korean wave, overseas consumers are considered the arbiters of Korean culture. This signifies the ironic impact of the success of Korean culture; not only people in Korea but non Korean consumers are also being entertained by the Korean media. Infact, it was a Chinese journalist who coined the term ‘Korean wave or (hanliu éŸ © æ µ ) to describe the surprising effect of the rapid increase in popularity of contemporary South Korean culture as well as entertainment business in mainland China. Researchers believe that Korean wave is the interaction of many fields. The variable of pop culture existing in phenomenon of Korean wave has allowed it to be studied in cultural studys field (Chua and Iwabuchi 2008; Howard 2006). It is also studied along the dimensions of marketing and business, as government, promoters and corporate agents were selling the Korean culture as a commodity in the international arena. (Cho and Kang 2005; Han and Lee 2008; Kim and others 2008; Lee, Scott, and Kim 2008). It was also evaluated as being an important concept in the political arena. The Korean government undertook measures like subsidizing the cost of reediting for the international market. Such policies and regulations by government ensured that the Korean film industry expanded successfully in other countries. (Chua and Iwabuchi 2008, 28). Suddenly, Korean government started using pop star figures to attract tourists. (Yu-Shan Lin and Hwang 2008). 2.2 Growth of The Korean Culture In 2003, when a Korean drama serial ‘ Winter Sonata was broadcasted by Japaneses stations, it quickly became popular. Suddenly, yhe Korean mass culture gained popularity in Asian countries ( HAN, 2004:124-125) along with the word Hallyu. The word Hallyu was then associated not only with the rapid spread of Korean culture but also with the economc boom in Korea. According to G, a researcher at SAMSUNG Economic Research Institutute, Korean wave or Hallyu was developed through four stages. In the first stage, Korean culture became popular with the increased production of films, and dramas. Second stage signified the increasing demand of products associated with the famous pop idols. In the third stage, people moved on to buy Korean goods and services like electronic products which were not directly related to pop stars. People perceived a desirable impression of Korea in the fourth stage of Hallyus developmental; cycle. 2.3 Changes in Korean Domestic Market Okon Hwang and Hillary Finchum-Sung are two researchers who were concerned with the the effects of Korean Wave on the local market. Essay written by Okon Hwang title ‘No ‘Korean Wave Here: Western Classical Music and the Changing Value System in South Korea attempts to evaluate and analyze the positive impact of changing the flow of information on the successful expansion of a countrys culture. According to statistics, there has been a rapid increase in the Korean TV programs exported since 1988. This growth rate of export was more evident during the spread of Korean wave and with a sudden decrease in the foreign TV program in Korea. Since the launch of broadcasting industry in Koreas, majority of the shows broadcasted were American programs. Factors like lack of technical skills, experience and technological equipments hindered the production and the broadcast of local TV shows. The national broadcasting station of Korea was established in 1961, and since then it was dependent on foreign TV programs to fulfill the entertainment needs of the population. It was America that introduced TV sets, radio, transmitters and colored became possible when international firms gained a consensus to stop the manufacturing of monochrome TV sets. (JOUNG AND JANG, 2000:142) An audience rating survey in 1996 reflected that American programs were most popular among the Korean population. The time allotted to the broadcast of these shows increased till mid 1970s, after which more local TV programs were broadcasted. Although American TV shows like wonder women, six million dollar man, bionic woman were very popular during 1970s, but at the same time local shows increased in quality and the audience rating for them surged rapidly. A fall in the import of American TV programs was not only due to the improvement in production and broadcasting technology, but government regulations contributed significantly to reduce imports. An order of military government to broadcast limited number of shows resulted in a competitive race between the broadcasting stations where each and every station was striving hard to increase the ratings of domestic shows. The audience rating thereby, compelled broadcasting stations to improve the quality of local shows, develop a better infrastructure and acquire superior equipments. Moreover, Asian games and Olympics held in Seoul contributed a lot in increasing the audience rating of the local programs. While Korean TV shows gained popularity in 1980s, the market share of Korean films did not increase till 1990s. From the 200 movies that were produced during 1970s, only a few of them were able to break the records. Contrasting to the broadcasting industry, film industry produced movies since 1960s and was exposed to the stringent control and regulations by government. The government not only controlled the production and distribution facilities of films, but the censor department limited the freedom expression by controlling the content of movies. The establishment of the ‘law of cinema reduced the number of production firms from 70 to less than 20 and import restriction made it difficult to acquire imports without the permission of government. The year 1984 proved to be a turning point for the Korean film industry. It was during this year that censorship standards and import regulations were revised. Moviemakers were able to release movies simply after filling a permission fo rm and foreign films gained an entry in the Korean market escalating the competition level. CHANGES IN BROADCASTING REGULATIONS AND POLICIES: The following section has categorized the growth of Korean broadcasting industry into five stages and explains the policies of government during those stages. In the pre-takeoff stage, the TV broadcasting was not considered very important. A small number of studios existed and number of TV viewers was also limited. Authoritarian regimes existed in Korea during this pre-takeoff stage and throughout this time local media was used according to government objectives and mission. Only those dramas and movies were broadcasted which were I n line with the aims of the government. The interests of state were valued more than the interests of public( KWAK 2009). The government controlled the entry, the content and the distribution channels as well. The laws such as ‘practice outline, ‘administrative advice and ‘purification of the broadcast ensured that government controlled each and every stage of broadcasting from production to distribution of movies and dramas. In 1945, the Japanese movies, music and dramas were banned in Korea which compelled local broadcasting stations to improve the local dramas. During the transition from pre-take off to take off 1 stage, the broadcasting stations expanded rapidly, and government started imposing rules and regulations. The government control was also backed up by the military control of the government. In the takeoff stage 2, all stations were unified into two networks. In the maturity stage, the democratization of politics greatly affected the cultural industry. Commercial broadcaster entered the industry and government viewed this industry as a potential one in terms of supporting the economy. There was a shift in paradigm and government undertook several policies in 1990 to support the industry. Ownership for commercial broadcasting Outsourcing production programs was allowed Human resource training of broadcasting professional Participation in trade fairs was encouraged A broadcast video industry promotion plan was introduced All these policies supported the broadcasting industry to move from the maturity to the expansion stage. EFFECTS OF POLICIES The control of foreign flow of information and the supporting policies contributed immensely to the growth of the cultural industry. Allowing the outsourcing of production programs meant that there an increase in the independent production companies which created a competitive environment causing different station to find ways to increase the quality and standard of services if they were to remain in the industry. The infrastructure facilities supported the growth of small firms which handled operation for the independent companies. The ban of Japanese programs proved as an incentive for the local producers. However, some other government policies like increasing the participation in trade fairs was not effective as many negotiations were done outside the fair. The direct financial supported did not have any significant impact on the export of domestic programs as large proportion of it was given to the documentary programs. CHANGES IN THE FILM INDUSTRY This section has grouped the development of film industry in four stages. The film industry existed for many years unlike the broadcasting industry. Expanding the domestic market size of film industry proved to be difficult because of the different economic environment of the film industry. The advertisements were the most important source of revenue for the broadcasting industry, thereby it was related to economic development of country. However, the souce of revnue for the film industry was sales in box office and for that it was neccsary to produce some block buster movies. In the pre- takeoff stage, government introduce ‘ law of cinema to support the industry. It believed that it was important to increase the size of production companies and for that it restricted the entry in film industry. It became essential for companies to have a certaing amount of production facilities and equipments before they could enter. Moreover the policies related to censorship made it difficult to export film in foreign countries. In the take off stage, theatre entrance fees was increased, which contributed to the expansion of market size. Although the strict policies of censor existed as well as other governments controls, still the market was seen to expand with just the increase in entrance fees. In 1984, when restrictions were removed, the film industry moved to the maturity stage with number of film companies increasing, talented people were attracted and it appealed the electronic companies as well. Foreign distribution companies entered the local market, increasing the standard of competition. In the expansion stage, the quality of Korean movies increased significantly and various Korean movies won international awards. EFFECTS OF POLICIES. The introduction of screen quota system ensured that a certain budget and screening time was allocated to movies. The educational support by Korean Academy of Film Arts supprted the industry by providing talented actors. Indirect financial system such as loans proved to be an incetive for moviemakers. The foreign distribution policies such as supporting filmmakers to participate in international festivals helped in making global networks. 2.4 Positive Effects of the Korean Wave As mentioned above, Korean government contributed a lot towards the development of the Korean wave. The government aided the media industries, broadcasting stations and networks to expand and promote the Korean pop culture internationally. The main aim behind this action was to boost up the Korean economy and develop a positive national image. The government was successful in achieving both of the aims. Korean pop stars attracted attention of viewers all over the world. Korean government took advantage of their increasing popularity and used them to gain attention for other commercial sectors such as the tourism sector of Korea. The success of TV drams like â€Å"Winter Sonata† attracted tourist from around the world who visited Korea especially to see places where this drama was filmed. Businesses like travel agents were also taking advantage of the situation by customizing the themes of group tours according to the themes of different dramas for e.g. a tour was titled â€Å"Best of Korean drama trailer deluxe tour†. Pop idols or drama stars revolutionized the consumer culture of Korea. Food and fashion trends (including make-up, clothing) were changing and consumers all over Korea were suddenly following their favorite drama stars. Theses consumers called themselves the members of ‘Korean tribe. Consumers not only imitated the fashion style of their idols but went ahead to look like their idols with the help of plastic surgery. The posters and pictures of Korean stars were seen everywhere, from backpacks to notebooks and the wall. For example, Inlingua school in Singapore reported a 60% increase in the number of students willing to learn Korean in 2003 as compared to 2001 because of the attention generated by Korean movies and dramas. Almost every organization in the Korean economy benefitted from Korean wave. Pop stars were used to sell different goods and service. Celebrity endorsements were used extensively to promote superior brand image. Pop idols took advantage of their gaining popularity through several means. According to news, Actor Kwon Sang Woo charged $200 for some seats at a fan meeting in Tokyo. Tickets were also auctioned online for as much as $500. Moreover, according to a match making service, the role of pop stars as being romantic lovers led to the perception Korean men were generally like that in real life as well. It was due to this fact that more than 6400 female required match making services to find suitable Korean lover for them. The impact of the Korean wave was not only limited to the Korean economy, but it affected the lives of pop idols themselves. After Korean wave, Korean male celebrities like , Bae Yong Joon were one of the highest paid actors in the worldwide film industry. There are some positive impacts associated with the consideration of Korean wave as a transnational phenomenon. Apart from earning foreign currency for the local economy, it helped in improving the foreign relations of Korea. Korea had a long history of diplomatic frictions with the neighboring countries. Korean soldiers fought against the Liberation Army of Vietnam and it established ties with Beijing in 1992 at the cost of its relations with Taipei. 2.5 Negative Effects of the Korean Wave Korean wave has been criticized due to several reasons. It isbelieved that it was introduction of foreign films in Korean cinemas that threatened the Korean culture. According to a Chinese news magazine, government of South Korea was representing its culture as the essence of Asian culture. Before the Korean wave, classical music has been a part of cultural accomplishments and was a source of pride for the Korean population. But after the Korean wave, classical music and culture was suddenly replaced by the pop culture. Increasing Demand for the pop culture was no longer considered a problem and government exported it to foreign countries. There was an overall change in the conceptual framework as the Ministry of Sports and tourism promoted venues and advertising campaigns by incorporating classical and pop culture. Finchum-Sung explained how the dynamics of these new measures resulted in the formation of new form of cultural production. The neighbouring countries of Korea undertook several measures to protect their own entertainment industry. Chinese media limited the amount of time for the broadcast of Korean dramas. The government of Vietnam also threatened to ban Korean shows if the number of Vietnamese shows on Korean television was not increased. Taiwan also considered limiting the foreign shows played on national television. All these examples prove that countries were retaliating against the success of Korean wave. 2.6 The Korean Wave in China and Japan The development of the Korean wave phenomenon was most evident in China and Japan because of several reasons. The culture of Korea, China and Japan are very similar to each other. the Korean wave initially began in China, which is the most attractive and profitable market for the Korean products. Japan also happens to be the biggest consumer market of Asia. According to Jung, Japanese TV dramas were creatively transformed for the production of Korean dramas which contributed immensely to the increasing popularity of Korean dramas among young people all over Asia, including Japan and China (Iwabuchi 2008, 153). In fact the concept of Korean wave has generated a new dimension in the one way flow of globalization and researchers have been forced to revise it (Kim Sujeong 2009; Jeon and Yoon 2005). Korean wave is an appropriate example of mutual circulation of cultural values between the non-western countries. It questions the existing theories relating to the belief that information flows from western to non-western countries. According to the imperialism theory, capitalist societies of west have threatened the growth of non-western cultures and have homogenized them. (Schiller, 1976, 1991; Hamelink, 1983; Mattelart, 1984). Even during 1970s the unilateral structure of information flow was based on dependency theory suggesting that information was sent by First World countries and received by Third World countries. In 1980s, some new approaches developed with the growth of media in Korea. These new approaches extended the application of imperialism domination to the field of communication technology. However, this was also criticized by researchers, (Tomlinson, 1989 ; Friedman, Pieterse Hall) according to whom the information was not exchanged unilaterally. The imperialism theory was then replaced by globalization, which promoted a greater understanding of diverse cultures. (Friedman, 267. Pieterse also argues that the impact of non-western culture on west should not be ignored (Pieterse, 307~9). The growth of global television in 1990s contributed significantly to flow of information from Asian economies to western economies. (Barker, 1999). As the media in Asian markets grew, western TV programs were imported to these nations while at the same time TV programs of these nations were exported to western countries. Therefore Chan (2000) addressed that China could be a centre of this unique mass cultural expansion in Asian regions. 2.7 Factors Supporting the Korean Wave in China There are many contextual and textual factors that are thought by researchers to have facilitated the rapid expansion of the Korean wave in China. Contextual factors are all those which consist of the wider aspect of Sino-Korean relationship as well as the various changes in China which helped in the diffusion of Korean culture in China. These factors include the relationship between China and Korea, the cultural exchange in Asia, the reforms in the Chinese culture â€Å"industry† and the Chinese audience. On the other hand, the textual aspect has more to do with the strength of the Korean drama and includes factors like the similarity between the cultures of the two countries (resulting in an emotional involvement) and the fact that the Chinese audience see the Korean cinema as a mixture of traditional values with modern style, which adds to its appeal. CONTEXTUAL FACTORS Contextual factors consist of wide aspect of Sino-Korean relationship as well as varied changes in China, which supported the diffusion of Korean culture in china. Sino-Korean relations and cultural exchange within Asia There have been historical and geographical connections between China and Korea. The reltions between both the countries have been strained sice the communist regime. However in 1992, diplomatic relations improved leading to superior economic and cultural ties. Due to its open policy, china has always permitted the expansion of foreign culture in its region. Many cultures like Japanese, and Taiwan were imported to China.by 1990s, Korean culture also started spreading rapidly in China. China has been a hub of Confucianism for many years. Socialist culture was not a source of satisfaction for Chinese people. Western culture was also not popular among Chinese people. They did not accept Japanese culture